The key themes that defined the year behind us will also shape the one ahead. The most-read articles of 2025 tracked a return ...

Epithelial cells form a layer in which an apical surface is exposed to the external environment and to other forms of stress in ducts in specialized organs. As such, epithelial cells require robust ...

Protein function predictions are bioinformatic methods (i.e. involving computation using software) that aim to predict the function of a protein. Protein function analyses use protein sequences and ...

Sean Ross is a strategic adviser at 1031x.com, Investopedia contributor, and the founder and manager of Free Lances Ltd. A market economy relies on voluntary exchanges driven by private individuals, ...

Julia Kagan is a financial/consumer journalist and former senior editor, personal finance, of Investopedia. Michael Boyle is an experienced financial professional with more than 10 years working with ...